The fact that the beginning of morning twilight also marks the beginning of the fasting period, the value for the morning is more critical than the evening one. For interest, Sheikh Tahir, a renowned astronomer of Malaysia employed 20º/18º for morning and evening and the practice carries on. Latiff argues for 18º/18º for the evening and morning twilights. Of special mention is the work by Latiff (1982) who has compiled a lot of astronomical information including a discussion on zodical lights viz astronomical twilights as well as information on observation exercise.
This 15º proposition has however met strong objections from various circles in Pakistan. I myself followed Bagvi (Ilyas, 1976a 1976b) and used it for preparing the first South Australian Time Table (Ilyas and Hurrem, 1976) but in light of new information, 18º seems a correct value. This is of specific interest to us because a few years back, a value of 15º depression for both twilights was proposed by Bagvi (1972 p23 and personal communication, 1983) on the authority of Mualana Rashid Ahmed Ludhianvi of Karachi who apparently made personal observations (discussed by the latter in Ahsan ul Fatwa Vol II, Karachi). King in a later note (personal communication, 1982) has confirmed that the medieval Muslim astronomers generally used 18º/18º or 19º/17º for Fajr/Isha whereas other values such as 20º/16º are also attested but not any value smaller than 16º. Naser(1976) also refers to a value of 19º for the twilights. According to him the parameters 20º and 16º are those of Ibn Yunus and the parameters 19º and 17º were used by various later Egyptian astronomers and the early tables prepared in Cairo and Damascus have been in use until rather recently. According to Dr D A King (1975) who has done considerable historical work on Islamic times in the Medieval period, for the evening and morning twilights 16º or 17º and 19º or 20º were employed. There are however some variations of this being used in different places. The most common values for both Islamic evening and morning twilight’s are 18º and 18º solar depression. (Astronomical Twilight used for Imsaak and Isha). Times are taken from the HM Nautical Almanac Office: Palestine: Israel plans to build 17,000 settlement units in Jerusalem UK joins ban on South African flights over ‘most worrying’ Covid variant One woman or girl killed by family members every 11 minutes globally Turkey rescues 29 asylum seekers pushed back by Greece
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